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AIR — Algebraic Intermediate Representation

Description

The arithmetization used by STARK-based proof systems. A computation is expressed as a sequence of state transitions (an execution trace), with polynomial constraints checking that each transition is valid. The prover commits to the trace as a polynomial and the FRI protocol proves the low-degree constraint. Naturally suited for sequential computations and VM execution traces.

Used by Proof Systems

zk-STARKs, FRI

Supported by Tools

RISC-Zero, SP1, OpenVM, Pico, StarkWare

Resources