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Sonic: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs from Linear-Size Universal and Updateable Structured Reference Strings (Maller et al. 2019)

URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3339817

Summary

Presents Sonic, the first practical zkSNARK with a universal and updatable structured reference string (SRS) of linear size. Enables a single SRS ceremony usable for all circuits up to a given size. Published at CCS 2019; directly inspired and preceded PLONK, which improved on Sonic's efficiency.

Used by

• Sonic

Related resources

• PLONK: Permutations over Lagrange-bases for Oecumenical Noninteractive arguments of Knowledge (paper, 2019)
• Sonic Reference Implementation (ebfull/sonic) (code, 2019)
• Updatable and Universal Common Reference Strings with Applications to zk-SNARKs (Groth et al. 2018) (paper, 2018)