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Customizable Constraint Systems for Succinct Arguments (Setty, Thaler, Wahby 2023)

Last modified: 2026-10-23

URL: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/552

Summary

Defines Customizable Constraint Systems (CCS), a generalization of R1CS that also captures Plonkish and AIR without overhead, and gives SuperSpartan, a polynomial-IOP for CCS whose prover cost does not grow with the degree of the custom gates beyond the work to evaluate them. CCS lets one front-end target several back-ends and is the constraint format used by HyperNova-style folding schemes; relevant when choosing a circuit representation for credential-verification circuits.

Related resources

• HyperPlonk: Plonk with Linear-Time Prover and High-Degree Custom Gates (Chen et al. 2023) (paper, 2023)
• Spartan: Efficient and General-Purpose zkSNARKs Without Trusted Setup (Setty 2020) (paper, 2019)