Sonic¶

Paper: Sonic

Description¶

One of the first universal and updatable SNARK constructions. Directly preceded and inspired PLONK and Marlin. Uses a universal SRS (structured reference string) that works for all circuits up to a bounded size.

Technical Characteristics¶

Complexity: - Prover: O(n log n) - Verifier: O(1) (with helper) / O(n) (standalone) - Proof Size: Larger than PLONK - Setup: trusted (universal CRS)

Security: - Assumption: computational (AGM + KZG) - Post-quantum: no - Basis: KZG polynomial commitments

Dependencies¶

Based on: NIZK-Blum Circuit representation: R1CS

Applications¶

Used by: PLONK

Resources¶

Paper: MBKM19-Sonic
Code: Sonic-Code
Explainer: