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Updatable and Universal Common Reference Strings with Applications to zk-SNARKs (Groth et al. 2018)

URL: https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/046.pdf

Summary

Introduces the concept of updatable and universal structured reference strings for zkSNARKs, allowing the CRS to be updated by any party without requiring a full MPC ceremony. This work enables "powers-of-tau" ceremonies and underpins universal SNARKs like PLONK and Marlin.

Used by

• zk-STARKs

Related resources

• PLONK: Permutations over Lagrange-bases for Oecumenical Noninteractive arguments of Knowledge (paper, 2019)
• Sonic: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs from Linear-Size Universal and Updateable Structured Reference Strings (Maller et al. 2019) (paper, 2019)